Analyzing Common Student Errors in SQL Query Formulation to Enhance Learning Support

Learning SQL is challenging for many undergraduate students, leading to recurring errors during query formulation. This paper systematically analyzes common SQL errors made by undergraduate students enrolled in Database courses at the University of Genoa during the 2023-24 academic year. Employing a comprehensive taxonomy, we evaluated 561 student queries collected from written exams, laboratory assignments, and unsupervised contexts. Results reveal that syntax errors are the most prevalent, especially in exam settings where queries cannot be executed. Logical errors and complications were also frequently identified, underscoring issues not only with syntax but also with logical reasoning. These insights highlight the need for pedagogical strategies that balance syntactic mastery and logical problem-solving skills. The paper concludes by proposing directions for enhancing learning support through automated error detection and personalized, AI-driven tutoring tools.