Full Mission Bridge Simulator Testing of a Decision Support System for Collision Avoidance using a Human-in-the-Loop technique

Although numerous digital navigational aids have been introduced in recent decades, maritime collisions attributable to human error remain the predominant class of accidents at sea. This persistent challenge highlights the limitations of existing technologies and underscores the need for novel approaches to enhance navigational safety. In this context, the present study evaluates a decision support system for collision avoidance, designed to assist operators in executing safe and compliant evasive manoeuvres with regulations. The DSS was subjected to a systematic assessment at the University of Genoa using a full-mission bridge simulator, which provided a realistic yet controlled environment for testing. Trials involved two participant groups: individuals without navigational experience and professional mariners holding the rank of Master Mariner. This paper focuses primarily on the inexperienced group, whose performance offers critical insights into the accessibility, reliability, and operational robustness of the system. Results demonstrate that, even in the absence of advanced navigational expertise, participants using the DSS consistently performed safe escape manoeuvres in accordance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. These findings suggest that the system possesses considerable potential to enhance decision-making, mitigate risks associated with human error, and contribute to broader efforts to improve maritime safety.