Treatment of anastomotic strictures after phalloplasty: An up-to-date review of the literature

ntroduction: Neo-urethral stricture formation frequently occurs after phalloplasty and most commonly affects the anastomosis between the fixed and phallic part of the neo-urethra. This narrative review gives an overview of the existing literature on how to treat these particular strictures. ethods: This narrative review is based on a literature search conducted in June 2024. No restrictions in terms of publication date, language or sample size were applied. Results: Treatment options include direct vision internal urethrotomy, anastomotic repair ure throplasty, augmentation urethroplasty with grafts or flaps, multi-stage urethroplasty and urethrostomy. Overall, outcomes of these treatments are worse in transmen than in cismen, mainly due to the specific challenges posed by the neophallus environment. Generally, lim ited data are available on the treatment options for patients with anastomotic strictures after phalloplasty and, consequently, no clear recommendations can be made. Conclusion: This narrative review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the available literature, which may guide future research and help optimize the outcomes for patients with this complex problem after phalloplasty. © 2024 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espa˜ na, S.L.U. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.