Governance Challenges in School-to-Work Programs. Exploring PCTOs in Italy

The article explores the governance mechanisms of Pathways for Transversal Skills and Orientation (PCTOs) in Italy, analysing their processes and results within a multi-level governance framework. Drawing on qualitative research and survey data, it highlights both strengths and critical weaknesses in the integration of PCTOs into educational pathways, specifically addressing the territorial disparities that affect their implementation. The research also investigates the socioeconomic and institutional factors that influence the effectiveness of this program, focusing on regional inequalities and the role of territorial networks in shaping School-to-Work transition outcomes. The findings show that, although PCTOs aim to bridge the gap between the education system and the labour market by enhancing skills development and promoting social inclusion, their implementation is highly variable. Key determinants contributing to this fragmentation include the type of educational institution, local labour market dynamics, and the effectiveness of local governance mechanisms. The article emphasizes the importance of addressing these governance challenges to enhance the educational value of PCTOs and integrate them more effectively into schools’ teaching strategies.